Government Liability Update

To Plead a Title IX Violation, a Plaintiff Must Plead Nonconclusory Facts Showing Gender Bias

In Austin v. University of Oregon, published June 4, 2019, the 9th Circuit affirmed dismissal of a Title IX and due process action brought by three male student athletes.  A female student accused the three of forcing her to engage in nonconsensual sexual acts.  The university subjected them to a disciplinary proceeding.  A university official found the students responsible for sexual misconduct.  It suspended them for four years, and declined to renew their scholarships.

The 9th Circuit ruled that the FRCP 8(a) analysis for pleadings, rather than the evidentiary McDonnell-Douglas shifting-burden analysis, applied at the pleading stage.  Under that analysis, the district court properly dismissed the complaint, because the students failed to allege nonconclusory facts to link the proceedings against them with gender bias.  Their due process claims failed because the facts alleged establish that the university gave them due process. 

In Lawsuit against School District for Negligent Supervision of Teacher, Court Erred in Excluding Evidence of Alleged Prior Misconduct as Irrelevant

In D.Z. v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist., published May 14, 2019, the Second District Court of Appeal, Division 4, reversed a jury verdict in favor of the defendant district.  The plaintiff high school student alleged that a teacher inappropriately touched her, that school administrators knew or should have known of the danger posed by the teacher, and that the district's failure to respond appropriately to that knowledge caused her harm.  In response to a motion in limine under Evidence Code section 352, the trial court excluded all evidence of alleged misconduct by the teacher apart from inappropriate touching of students.  The evidence excluded included a risque joke about a student's chest that resulted in an investigation of the teacher.  It also included the teacher showing favoritism to female students and offering students rides home.  The trial court also gave, over the plaintiff's objection, jury instructions directing the jury to determine whether the school principal was a district employee and whether the principal acted within the scope of her duties when she harmed the plaintiff.

The appellate court ruled that the trial court abused its discretion by abusing the evidence as irrelevant.  Evidence of alleged misconduct other than the improper touching was relevant to whether the district had notice that the teacher's conduct was reasonably foreseeable, which must be determined under all of the circumstances.  While some of the evidence might not have been relevant, the line the court drew barring all non-touching evidence was improper.  The appellate court noted that trial courts may exclude relevant evidence as inflammatory.  The trial court, however, never reached that issue.  The appellate court ruled the exclusion prejudicial, particularly since the defense counsel used the exclusion to minimize evidence of the teacher's conduct before the alleged touching occurred.  The appellate court further ruled that the jury instructions concerning the principal's employment and scope of duties were improper.  Since the principal's employment and scope of duties were undisputed, the instructions served only to confuse the jury.

Presenting Claim after Action Filed Does Not Substantially Comply with the Government Claims Act's Requirements

In Le Mere v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist., ordered published May 14, 2019, the Second District Court of Appeal, Division 8 affirmed dismissal of an action after a demurrer was sustained without leave to amend. In a lawsuit filed in 2015, the school teacher plaintiff alleged she suffered harassment, retaliation, and discrimination from the date she filed a lawsuit against the defendant district in 2007.  A year after she filed the lawsuit, she presented a claim for damages to the defendant district. The First Amended Complaint included a cause of action for retaliation under FEHA.  The trial court sustained the defendants' demurrer to the cause of action with leave to amend.  The plaintiff did not amend the cause of action. The Second Amended Complaint alleged as causes of action against the defendant district harassment in violation of Education Code sections 44110 through 44114, and violation of Labor Code section 1102.5.  The trial court sustained demurrer as to the first cause of action, because the plaintiff was not given leave to add the new cause of action when demurrer was sustained to the prior complaint, and because the plaintiff failed to allege she filed a complaint with the police, a prerequisite to liability.  The court sustained demurrer to the section 1102.5 cause of action because the plaintiff had failed to comply with the Government Claims Act.

The appellate court affirmed the demurrer to the retaliation cause of action.  The plaintiff failed to allege that any of the named defendants engaged in any retaliatory conduct.  It does not allege the named defendants knew about the 2007 lawsuit, or were directed by others who did. Almost two years passed between the 2007 lawsuit and the first retaliatory act alleged, in 2009.  That is too large an interval to imply causation. Since the plaintiff elected not to amend, the court presumed she had pled her best case.  The court acted within its discretion in concluding the Education Code harassment cause of action was added without leave, and precluded by failure to file a police report.  

The appellate court also affirmed the decision that the Labor Code section 1102.5 cause of action was barred by failure to comply with the claim-presentation requirement.  A plaintiff cannot cure her failure to present a claim before filing suit by presenting a claim after filing suit.

Education Code Section Apportioning Liability for Use of School Grounds Does Not Abrogate Rules for Determining Dangerous Condition of Public Property

In Grossman v. Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District, published March 25, 2019, the Second District Court of Appeal, Division 7 affirmed summary judgment granted to the defendant school district.  The school district permitted a school booster group and the PTA to hold a carnival fundraiser on a school's grounds.  During the carnival, an inflatable slide partially deflated and began to tip over while the plaintiff was on it, throwing the plaintiff to the concrete below.  The plaintiff alleged that the slide was improperly set up on the grass infield next to concrete, and that it was not tethered to the ground.  He alleged that the slide was a dangerous condition of property, and that the district knew or should have known that the slide was not set up, secured, or operated properly.  It was undisputed that the district did not own, operate, or set up the slide.  

The appellate court rejected the plaintiff's argument that Education Code section 38184 rendered the district liable for the plaintiff's injuries.  Subdivision (i)(1) of the statute apportions liability between  school districts and nonprofit entities using the school facilities or grounds.  Under the statute, a district is liable for an injury resulting from the negligence of the school district in the ownership and maintenance of the school facilities or grounds.  An entity using school facilities or grounds under this section is liable for an injury resulting from the negligence of that entity during the use of the school facilities or grounds.  Subdivision (i)(2), however, provides that the statute does not limit or affect the immunity or liability of a school district under the Government Claims Act for an injury caused by a dangerous condition of public property.  Based on this language, and the Education Code section's legislative history, section 38184 does not affect Government Code section 835's limitations on public entity liability for property conditions.  Under section 835, the district was not liable for the slide.  The slide was not district property, it was not operated by the district,  the conditions the plaintiff complained about did not result from the acts or omissions of district employees, and there was no evidence district employees had actual or constructive notice of the slide.

School District Did Not Infringe Student's First Amendment or Substantive Due Process Rights by Expelling Him in Response to Private Journal Entry Discussing School Violence

In McNeil v. Sherwood School District, published March 14, 2019, the 9th Circuit affirmed summary judgment in favor of the defendant school district in a 42 U.S.C. section 1983 case brought by a high school student and his parents.  The student wrote in his personal journal a hit list of students who "must die."  His mother discovered the journal in his room.  She made copies, and sought guidance from a therapist.  The therapist, believing the information triggered his duties as a mandatory reporter, contacted the police.  The police searched the house and confiscated a rifle and ammunition, but found nothing to indicate the student was planning to follow through with the list.  The police did not charge the student.  The police informed the school district.  As required by law, the district informed the parents of students on the list of the list, without identifying the author.  After media inquiries and social media accounts displaying the student's photo, the district informed all parents.  Parents transferred students out of the district, while others had their children skip school.  After a hearing, the district expelled the student for one year for making the list and disrupting the school.  The student sued for violation of his First Amendment rights.  The parents sued for violation of their due process right to educational venue choice.

The 9th Circuit ruled that the district had not violated the student's First Amendment rights.  When determining whether a school’s regulation of a student’s off-campus speech is constitutional, a court must consider all of the relevant circumstances.  The student's lack of intent to communicate the speech to any third party--such as when the student writes in a personal journal--is a relevant consideration, but it is not dispositive.  Here, the lack of intent to communicate the threat was offset by the fact his speech created an identifiable, credible threat of school violence.  He lived close to campus, and had weapons and ammunition.  The speech bore a significant nexus to the school.  The school district could therefore take disciplinary action.  Because his continued presence at campus would cause disruption, the discipline imposed was reasonable and not punitive.  The court also rejected the due process challenge to the expulsion.  That right entitled the parents to enroll the student at the high school.  Once there, the school had the power to administer discipline.  That included expelling the student from campus and supplying alternative, online instruction of him.

Despite Release to Complainants, Written Dispositions of Complaint against High School Coach Are Protected from Release under Public Record Act

In Associated Chino Teachers v. Chino Valley Unified School District, ordered published December 20, 2018, the Fourth District Court of Appeal, Division 2 reversed a trial court order denying an employee organization's writ of mandate to stop production under the California Public Records Act of the respondent district's written dispositions of two complaints against a high school volleyball coach for yelling at and belittling student athletes in public and holding practice at the coach's home.  After investigating the complaints, the district provided the written dispositions to the complainants.  A letter of warning and a letter of concern were placed in the coach's personnel file; the disposition letters were not.  The coach later resigned the coaching position.  A journalist made a CPRA request for documents demonstrating the results of the district's investigation.  The district informed the coach it intended to release the disposition letters unless a court order prevented release.

The appellate court ruled the trial court erred by denying the organization's petition for a writ stopping the release.  Although the records were released to complainants, that did not forfeit the right to assert the personnel and similar files exemption from release under the CPRA , or require the release of the documents to the general public.  That the same or like information in the dispositions is available elsewhere in the public domain does not forfeit the right to assert the records are confidential.  The coach's privacy interests in the letters outweighs any interest the public may have in viewing the insubstantial allegations and findings pertaining to the coach's actions in the coach's former position.  The letters constitute personnel or similar records, exempt from disclosure under Government Code section 6254(c) if release would be an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.  Alternatively, the catch-all provision of Government Code section 6255, subdivision (a) applies.  The documents contain information about the coach subject to privacy issues:  investigations into allegations of misconduct.  Because the allegations were found to be groundless, and the alleged conduct was not serious, the public interest in disclosure does not outweigh the coach's privacy interest in the documents.

University Not Immune to Potential Liability for Failing to Prevent Mentally Ill Student from Attacking Fellow Student

In Regents of the University of California v. Superior Court (Rosen), published December 3, 2018, the Second District Court of Appeal, Division 7, on remand from the California Supreme Court, affirmed denial of the defendant Regents and university personnel's motion for summary judgment in a negligence case brought by a UCLA student who was stabbed in chemistry lab during a class by a fellow student.  Before the attack, the university received several indications that the attacker was having hallucinations, accused other students of insults that they did not make, and physically confronted one student.  The university moved him to a different dorm and required him to participate in counseling.  The plaintiff's experts opined that the university should have taken further action to address the disturbed student.  The university contended that it did not violate any duty of care to the injured student, and alternatively that it was immune from liability.  It challenged denial of its summary judgment motion by petitioning for writ relief.  The appellate court initially found no duty and granted the petition.  The California Supreme Court reversed, holding that universities owe a duty of reasonable care to students to protect them from foreseeable acts of violence in the classroom or during curricular activities.  It remanded the matter to the appellate court to determine the standard of care under the duty, whether triable issues of fact existed on breach of the duty, and whether the defendants were statutorily immune.

The appellate court held that the standard of care that applied was the reasonable person standard that generally applies to negligence cases, rather than the more limited standard applied to mental health professionals who fail to prevent their patients from attacking others.  The plaintiff must prove three elements to establish the university's vicarious liability under Government Code section 815.2 for its personnel's breach of the duty to protect students:  That the injury occurred while the plaintiff was engaged in activities that are part of the school’s curriculum or closely related to its delivery of educational services; that the university was aware of information that placed, or should have placed, it on notice that the perpetrator presented a foreseeable threat of violence to other students; and that the university failed to act with reasonable care in response to the foreseeable threat of violence.  The reasonable person standard of care is similar to that applied in K-12 school situations, although the degree of care may vary due to the different circumstances in a university, which deals with older students.  Based on the information the university personnel had before the attack, triable issues of fact exist on whether the student presented a foreseeable risk of violence and whether the university could have done more to prevent the attack.  The defendants are not immune under Government Code section 856, which immunizes decisions on whether to confine a person for mental illness.  The plaintiff did not contend that the university is liable for failing to confine the attacker, but rather that the school was negligent in its behavior toward the attacker, including failure to use the intervention techniques that were available to the school under its existing policies and procedures.  Discretionary immunity under Government Code section 820.2 also did not apply.  The  immunity applies only to policy and planning decisions.  The plaintiff did not challenge the school's policies and procedures, but rather how those policies were implemented.

Trial Court Did Not Abuse Discretion in Limiting Mini-Openings and Declining Challenges for Cause in Student Supervision Case

In Alcazar v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist., ordered published November 15, 2018, the Second District Court of Appeal, Division 1 affirmed judgment for the defendant school district after a jury trial.  The plaintiff was a middle-school student with learning disabilities who fell and was injured after swinging on a tree branch that broke.  The plaintiff alleged the school failed to properly supervise him.  During voir dire, the trial court initially allowed the parties to give mini opening statements.  During questioning of the first panel, some jurors expressed pre-judgment of the case based on the details given during the mini-openings.  The court then ordered that for subsequent panels the parties could not give mini-openings; instead, the court would read the statement of the case to which the parties had agreed.  The plaintiff's counsel was permitted to give several details of the case in his questioning of jurors.  Two jurors expressed uncertainty on whether they could be fair, but ultimately said they could.  The court declined the plaintiff's challenge to the jurors for cause.  The jury entered a defense verdict.  The plaintiff alleged that the court had exceeded its discretion under Code of Civil Procedure section 222.5 in limiting the use of mini-openings; and that the court abused its discretion in denying the challenges for cause.

The appellate court affirmed the trial court's exercise of its discretion.  Section 222.5, as it existed at the time of the trial, preserved the trial court's discretion to disallow mini-openings depending on the circumstances.  The circumstances here included jurors stating they had prejudged the case based on the mini-openings given.  The court has discretion to deny a challenge for cause, unless the juror expresses views indicative of an unalterable preference in favor of one side.  Since both jurors here stated they could keep an open mind, the court had discretion to deny the challenge.

University Denied Student a Fair Hearing by Depriving Him of Investigation Report Crucial to Its Decision Against Him

In Doe v. Regents of University of California, published October 9, 2018, the Second District Court of Appeal, Division 6 reversed a trial court decision denying a university student a petition for writ of administrative mandate.  A female student accused the male student of sexually assaulting her while the two were on a bed, the woman under the covers and the man on top of the covers.  Others were in the room and did not see the alleged assault.  A Santa Barbara County Sexual Assault Team investigated the alleged assault, and compiled a report.  At the administrative hearing contesting the male student's suspension, the committee hearing the matter saw only two pages from the SART report.  The man was not provided with a full copy of the report.  The committee allowed an investigating officer to testify to a portion of the SART report that appeared to corroborate that the woman had been sexually assaulted.  But the officer could not answer whether the information was based on a physical exam or on the woman's allegations.  Shortly before the administrative hearing, the student learned the name of an antidepressant the woman was taking.  He tried to submit his mother's testimony about the effects of the drug with alcohol, but the committee ruled she could not render an expert opinion.  The committee determined the allegations of assault were corroborated, and suspended the student for two years.

The appellate court ruled that the male student had been denied due process.  The committee denied the student a fair trial by accepting the investigator's testimony about a portion of the SART report, but not seeing the report themselves and denying the student a copy.  Fairness demands the accused person be given the evidence against him.  The Rule of Completeness also required that once a portion of the SART report was introduced into evidence, the student was entitled to get and submit evidence about the rest.  Since the report was crucial to the outcome, the errors were prejudicial.  Other errors that deprived the student of due process included that the antidepressant evidence was revealed to the student too late for him to obtain an expert opinion, yet the committee barred non-expert evidence; the committee did not permit the student to be represented by counsel at the hearing, yet the University had counsel present who made evidentiary objections; and the committee applied the rules of evidence inconsistently, to the student's detriment.

Officers Violated Fourth Amendment and Is Liable under State Law for Arresting Middle-School Students to Teach Them a Lesson

In Scott v. County of San Bernardino, published September 10, 2018, the 9th Circuit affirmed summary judgment granted to the plaintiffs, three middle-school students.  The three students, 12- and 13-year-old girls, went to school officials to talk about another student's bullying and threats toward them.  A school administrator asked one of the defendants, a deputy who was a school security officer, to come to the campus to talk to the girls and the girl they complained about.  He intended to mediate the conflict.  WIthin a few minutes, however, he decided that the girls were being disrespectful.  He decided to arrest them, to prove that he "wasn't playing around," "to prove a point" and "to make [them] mature a lot faster."  He and another deputy defendant handcuffed the girls.  The allege aggressor was released to her father on campus.  The others were driven in a police vehicle to  the sheriff's department, where they were interviewed and released to their parents.  No charges were filed.  At trial, the district court granted the plaintiffs summary judgment both on their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim and their state law false arrest claim.

The 9th Circuit agreed that the deputies were liable.  New Jersey v. TLO ruled that the Fourth Amendment protects students, subject to a "special needs" exception under which warrantless searches do not violate the Fourth Amendment if the actions are justified at their inception and reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the actions.  The arrests violated both parts of the test.  The actions were not justified at their inception.  The deputies had no specific information any of the arrested girls had done anything.  Further, under the special needs exception, the officers' subjective motivation may be considered.  The deputies' stated reasons for the arrest did not provide justification for arrest.  Further, handcuffing and arresting middle-school girls was an unreasonable response to the school's need.  Because the law was clear that the deputies' arrest violated the Fourth Amendment, they were not entitled to qualified immunity.  Under state law, none of the statutes under which the deputies justified the arrest applied.  The district court therefore properly granted summary judgment on the state law false arrest ground as well.